BB 08-14-26
BRADFORD BULLETIN
VOLUME XIX, ISSUE 7
AUG 14, 2026
FROM THE OFFICE
IMPORTANT NOTES:
ALL SCHOOL IMPORTANT NOTES:
-
- Reminder: Place your HOT LUNCH order by Sunday night if you want your child to enjoy a hot lunch on WEDNESDAY. (Remember, hot lunch will be on Wednesdays this year, not Thursday like last year.)
- COMING SOON: Our Senior class will be hosting a BRADFORD HOUSE T-SHIRT SALE. Parents will have one week to place an order. (The sale will come after the new students find out their house assignments.) There are house competitions, house socials, and other fun opportunities when kids (and parents!) can wear the house t-shirt. Be on the lookout for more information to come!
- Medications: If your child has an inhaler, epipen, or stomach medicine, please send it in to the office in a ziploc bag labeled with their name. This also applies to any medicine they may need to take on a regular basis during the school day.
- Morning Carline reminders:
- At lower school, students should be dropped off in the carline only. (Exceptions: church or school staff or neighbors who walk to school.)
- At the upper school, students should remain in the car until 7:30 or when staff are present to greet them. (Exceptions: staff children.)
LOWER SCHOOL IMPORTANT NOTES:
- FROM MRS. MITCHELL: We thank the Lord for the smooth start to the school year, which speaks of the faithfulness of teachers and parents to instill good practices for success. A couple pro tips for streamlining student routines at home which will become a blessing as the year progresses:
- Have the family prep the next day’s lunch after dinner, then pack lunch boxes/water bottles before breakfast so you arrive at school on time. Being late (in line at 7:55 Lower School) hinders the entire class.
- Establish homework routines: quiet, distraction-free space; remain in uniform until finished, working snack, no complaining/procrastinating allowed, sign off on homework before dismissed to change/play
- Consider a separate laundry bin & load for each child’s uniforms to save time sorting
- Save any allowed screen use as a weekend privilege for doing all of the above well
UPPER SCHOOL IMPORTANT NOTES:
- Athletics Update! Good afternoon! We are excited to announce that there WILL BE an opportunity for 7th-12th-grade students to train and compete in VARSITY Boys & Girls Cross Country this season! Unfortunately, this will NOT be a middle school opportunity because we do not have sufficient coaches to provide training at both, distinct levels. Students in the 7th through 12th-grades who are interested in joining the Cross Country team will practice as a team on Wednesdays and Thursdays from 3–4:15pm. Parents should pick up their children from the Mebane Community Park (627 W Center St. Mebane, NC 27302) at 4:15pm. Students’ backpacks, instruments, bags, etc will be driven to the park, but team members will be expected to be able to run the ~1 mile from the upper campus to the Mebane Community Park as a group warm-up. Runners will be highly encouraged to run 2-3 extra times during the week, but they will have to do that on their own time. Between the end of August and the midpoint of October, we will plan to compete in 4-6 meets (an individual must complete 4 races to qualify for the state championship meet). The state championship race will be in Charlotte on Friday, October 30th. Nathaniel Johnston and Mandy Crotts will be leading the team at practices and meets. Please email Coach Johnston (nathanieljohnston@bradfordacademy.org) if you want to join the team or have any questions. Practices will begin next Wednesday (8/19).
UPCOMING
NEXT WEEK:
- MON 08/17: 3:30PM – HOME – Varsity Girls Volleyball game
- TUES 08/18: TK First day of school!
- WED 08/19:
- 7:50AM – New Student Scarf Ceremony at the Upper School – parents invited
- 12:00PM – First hot lunch of the 26/27 school year
- 4:00PM – HOME – Varsity Girls Tennis match
- THURS 08/20:
- 4:00PM – Varsity Boys Soccer game – AWAY (at Springwood Park, Burlington)
- 6:00PM – Senior Information Meeting
- FRI 08/21:
- 8:00AM – New Student Scarf Ceremony at Lower School (K – 4th) – parents invited
- 3:30PM – HOME – Varsity Boys Soccer game and Varsity Girls Tennis match
- 6:00-8:00PM – Back-to-school Bonfire for 5th – 12th grade students at the Lower School campus
IN THE NEAR FUTURE:
- THURS 09/03: 5:00PM – College Counseling Info Night for 9th – 11th grades
- MON 09/07: Labor Day – no school
- THURS 09/10: 8:00AM – TK Scarf Ceremony – parents invited
- THURS 10/01: Field Trip: Alamance Battleground – 1st and 5th grades
- FRI 10/02: Field Trip: Greensboro Science Center – 3rd grade
- 10/5 – 10/9: FALL BREAK – no school
FROM THE TEACHER’S DESK
GRAMMAR SCHOOL
Lower School Art (Mrs. Knight)
tknight@bradfordacademy.org
3rd
- Mrs. Knight is looking forward to seeing my third graders on Tuesday!
4th
- Mrs. Knight is looking forward to seeing my fourth graders on Thursday!
Kindergarten (Mrs. Rivera and Miss Burdeshaw)
brivera@bradfordacademy.org, vburdeshaw@bradfordacademy.org
This Week:
Our kindergarten scholars had a wonderful first three days! We spent most of our time learning the different rules and routines such as: walking in a line, where students are allowed to play at recess, remembering to raise our hand if we have a question, and many more things. Academically, we introduced our math meeting board, where the students will have the opportunity to review numbers, counting, patterns, the months of the year, the days of the week, and the calendar. We also spent some time coloring, reviewed how to have a good pencil grip, and worked on our school song, Non Nobis. Praying that it will be a great school year!
Memory Work:
Proverbs 1:7
1st Grade (Ms. Griffin & Mrs. Smith)
jgriffin@bradfordacademy.org, asmith@bradfordacademy.org
This Week:
- We had an amazing start to the new year in first grade! We learned the routines and procedures so that we can move through our day quickly and efficiently. In math, the students learned about the calendar, days of the week, months of the year, our numberline, and hundreds chart. We had the opportunity to read a couple fun books to the students in reading. In writing (penmanship), the students practiced the “4Ps” of penmanship while reviewing how to form numbers 0 – 9. In history, they learned about our history timeline and how Jesus changed all of history. The students learned the meaning of “A.D.” and “B.C.” The kids enjoyed a coloring sheet of Proverbs 1:7 that is kept in their Memory Binder. In grammar, they began learning about nouns and how to sing “This Little Noun.” Ask them to sing it for you!
Memory Work:
Proverbs 1:7 & Catechism 10
Upcoming:
- Monday, September 7 – Labor Day – No School
2nd Grade (Miss Verroi & Mrs. Fredrick)
overroi@bradfordacademy.org, yfredrick@bradfordacademy.org
This Week:
- We have had a productive first week in second grade! Our history studies began with Creation and will weave together biblical history and ancient Egyptian history, concluding with Egypt’s fall to the Roman Empire. Each week, students will receive a history card with important information to learn, and we will add a new section to our Creation Song. We also began our Science Journals with Psalm 139:14 and fingerprint art! Throughout the year, we will continue adding to our journals as we study different parts of God’s amazing creation. Mouse Soup has been a fantastic book to kick off our reading journey in second grade! We are so delighted to partner with you as we help your precious children grow in wisdom and virtue. We continue to pray for our students and their families and are looking forward to a wonderful year together!
Table Talk:
- Ask your child to retell one of the stories from Mouse Soup.
- See if your child can tell you what God created on each day of Creation.
Memory Work:
- Hebrews 11:1–3
3rd Grade (Mrs. Clark & Mrs. Martin)
wclark@bradfordacademy.org, amartin@bradfordacademy.org
This Week:
Third-grade students had a wonderful first week of school! They learned about procedures and expectations for this year. In math, they reviewed second-grade math skills and took a beginning-of-the-year math assessment. We also looked in our Latin books and did some writing about our summers! Lastly, we started our read-aloud book, Black Ships Before Troy, this week. What a busy, but exciting, first week!
Upcoming Memory Work:
John 17:3
4th Grade (Mrs. Graham and Mrs. Rankin)
agraham@bradfordacademy.org, srankin@bradfordacademy.org
This Week
It has been a wonderful start to 4th grade! Our students have been settling in well, reacquainting themselves with familiar routines while learning new procedures and expectations. We’ve also begun introducing parts of our new curriculum, including our history timeline song, while bringing back familiar favorites like the math sound-off.
Mr. Johnston reminded the class that, as the oldest students on the lower campus, they now have the opportunity to be examples for the younger students who are looking up to them. We’ve encouraged them to take this responsibility seriously—using words that build up and encourage, making sure their speech and actions are done in love, and striving to rise above. Through all of this, our goal is to glorify God.
We’re looking forward to a great first full week together!
Upcoming Memory Work:
Matthew 7:12 & Catechism #86
LOGIC SCHOOL
Mrs. Bennington
gbennington@bradfordacademy.org
5th-6th Band
- Students did a great job in band this week going over the Band Handbook, which outlines all of the procedures and expectations for the year. Students need to turn in their Band Handbook Contract by Tuesday, 8/25. Parents please make sure to add the concert dates from the Band Handbook to your calendar. Sixth grade should bring their instruments to school this Tuesday 8/18. Fifth grade will need to bring their instruments to school on Tuesday 8/25.
7th-8th Band
- Students did a great job in band this week going over the Band Handbook, which outlines all of the procedures and expectations for the year. Students need to turn in their Band Handbook Contract by Tuesday, 8/25. Parents please make sure to add the concert dates from the Band Handbook to your calendar. Students also did a great job playing through several book exercises.
High School Band
- Students did a great job in band this week going over the Band Handbook, which outlines all of the procedures and expectations for the year. Students need to turn in their Band Handbook Contract by Tuesday, 8/25. Parents please make sure to add the concert dates from the Band Handbook to your calendar. Students also did a great job playing through several book exercises and pieces.
Mrs. Johnston
sjohnston@bradfordacademy.org
5th – 8th Choir
- 5th Choir – We began learning the Grand Staff and identifying the basic notes and rhythms. We also started learning solfeggio (do-re-mi). We had a bit of an adventure “playing music” on the steps to help us remember the notes!
- 6th-8th Choirs – We started learning the hymn Holy, Holy, Holy, and also worked on rhythm and sight-singing exercises. It was so fun this week to see the kids pick up where they left off from last school year and the confidence they have moving forward into this year.
High School Choir
- Bradford Chorale and Bradford Chorale Lunchtime had a fun start this week! We refreshed Non Nobis and then began learning the hymn Holy, Holy, Holy. We also learned a short barbershop quartet as well as discussing the basics of chord structures within music. Next week we dive into Theory and Analysis!
5th Grade (Mr. Chapman & Miss Johnston)
schapman@bradfordacademy.org, ajohnston@bradfordacademy.org
This Week
- We had a wonderful first week! It was so sweet to meet each of the kids and start to get to know them. We have practiced our routines and began establishing our rhythms. The students are continuing to learn what it looks like to take responsibility for their own work and belongings. We have started math and the Hobbit! Next week we will have our first set of tests. Please don’t hesitate to reach out if you have any questions. Have a great weekend!
Mrs. Knight
tknight@bradfordacademy.org
5th Art
- It was so good to see the students again on Thursday and meet a few new friends. We discussed the Four Respects of Art class: Time, Materials, Classmates, and Teacher. We learned that art class in fifth grade meets twice a week, and we discussed some potential projects we will do together.
6th Grade (Mrs. McDorman & Miss Morgan)
amcdorman@bradfordacademy.org, lmorgan@bradfordacademy.org
6th Reading and Literature
- This week, we began The Sign of the Beaver by reading Chapter 1 and discussing key vocabulary. We also considered the difficult decision Matt and his father faced as Matt was left alone in the wilderness while his father returned to bring the rest of the family.
6th Grammar and Writing
- In grammar, we reviewed the function and proper use of article adjectives. In writing, students moved through the full composition process. We discussed how to establish meaningful sixth-grade goals, brainstormed and compared ideas, organized those ideas into an outline, and developed them into a completed essay. We also considered how habits shape character and progress, identifying one habit to cultivate and one to put aside in pursuit of those goals.
6th Bible
- We began the year by considering the importance of writing God’s Word upon our hearts through intentional Scripture memorization. Students learned and practiced two strategies for efficiently committing passages to memory as we begin our year-long goal of memorizing the first three chapters of 1 John.
6th History
- We began our study of modern American history with our first history card on the Monroe Doctrine. Students examined its historical context, central principles, and significance in shaping the young nation’s developing foreign policy and its relationship with European powers.
6th Math
- This week, we strengthened foundational number sense by reviewing the significance of place value and distinguishing between front-end estimation and rounding. Students also examined the difference between mathematical expressions and equations and applied their understanding of place value to addition and subtraction of decimals with regrouping.
Ms. Hutchison
mhutchison@bradfordacademy.org
6th Science
- We’re off to a great start in 6th grade science! We’ve worked at setting up our science binders and Copy Books and have begun a daily study of Latin roots that are used in scientific vocabulary. We’ve learned about 8 habits of effective scientists and were a bit befuddled at several discrepant events that occurred in class. Ask your student about the demonstrations they observed this week. If you haven’t done so yet, please send your student to class next week with their own set of colored pencils for use in science class and a 1” white Clearview 3-ring binder.
Miss Morgan
lmorgan@bradfordacademy.org
6th Logic
- Using The Fallacy Detective, we introduced the study of logical fallacies and examined the basic components of an argument. Throughout the year, students will develop the ability to recognize faulty reasoning, identify fallacies within arguments, and evaluate claims with greater clarity and discernment.
6th Art
- We began this year with an introduction to art class. Students learned class expectations, practices and how we will run our classroom. I look forward to the wonderful art we will create together!
Mrs. Meredith
lmeredith@bradfordacademy.org
7th Omnibus
- Literature: We explored Genesis 1, examining creation as an orderly, purposeful act of God. Students discussed key theological concepts including creation ex nihilo (creation out of nothing), Imago Dei (humanity made in God’s image), and the concept of typology as we began tracing how God sovereignly prepared the world for Christ’s coming.
- History: Students began memorizing the modern-day countries of the Middle East and the surrounding bodies of water, which will provide an important foundation as we study ancient civilizations that were largely dependent on their geographical surroundings.
- Composition: Students learned the classical canons of rhetoric as a foundation for persuasive essay writing.
Ms. Hutchison
mhutchison@bradfordacademy.org
7th Science
- We’re off to a great start in 7th grade science! We’ve worked at setting up our science binders and Copy Books and have begun a daily study of Latin roots that are used in scientific vocabulary. We’ve learned about 8 habits of effective scientists and were a bit befuddled at several discrepant events that occurred in class. Ask your student about the demonstrations they observed this week. If you haven’t done so yet, please send your student to class next week with their own set of colored pencils for use in science class and a 1” white Clearview 3-ring binder.
Mrs. Frueh
jfrueh@bradfordacademy.org
7th Pre-Algebra
- The students were excited to jump right into our curriculum! This week we practiced setting up our math notebooks and discussed strategies to be successful in this pre-algebra course. We also reviewed place value, naming numbers, expanded notation, and rounding, as well as the most important rule of math. Ask your student about this all-important rule.
Mrs. Palmer
cpalmer@bradfordacademy.org
7th Art
- We began this year with an introduction to art class. Students learned class expectations, practices and how we will run our classroom. I look forward to the wonderful art we will create together!
Dr. Wright
nwright@bradfordacademy.org
8th Omnibus
- We have reviewed the summer reading, written short reflections on goals for this school year, and have begun studying and outlining the book of Acts.
Ms. Hutchison
mhutchison@bradfordacademy.org
8th Science
- We’re off to a great start in 8th grade science! We’ve worked at setting up our science binders and Copy Books and have begun a daily study of Latin roots that are used in scientific vocabulary. We’ve learned about 8 habits of effective scientists and were a bit befuddled at several discrepant events that occurred in class. Ask your student about the demonstrations they observed this week. If you haven’t done so yet, please send your student to class next week with their own set of colored pencils for use in science class and a 1” white Clearview 3-ring binder.
Mrs. Frueh
jfrueh@bradfordacademy.org
8th Algebra I
- Learning Algebra is like learning a language. Algebra has its own grammar rules, just like we see in English composition. This week we learned the difference between algebraic expressions (which require simplifying and evaluation) and algebraic equations (which require solving). We also learned how to evaluate algebraic expressions. All students are required to join Google Classroom within the next week. The code to join can be found on your student’s Algebra syllabus.
Mrs. Palmer
cpalmer@bradfordacademy.org
8th Art
- We began this year with an introduction to art class. Students learned class expectations, practices and how we will run our classroom. I look forward to the wonderful art we will create together!
Mr. Crotts
bcrotts@bradfordacademy.org
8th Logic
- We met this week to get to know each other, review our academic year outlook, and to be reminded that logic is the science and art of reasoning well!
RHETORIC SCHOOL
From the COLLEGE AND CAREER COUNSELING Office: 9th-12th Grades
9th-11th Graders and their parents are invited to the Info Night on Thursday, September 3. We will meet in the Sanctuary. Students and parents will learn about exciting and upcoming events in high school such as the Junior/Senior Gala, the Senior Thesis, Fieldtrips (Williamsburg, VA, Washington, D.C., and the Senior Trip .) Also, they will hear an overview of the college and career opportunities including internships, college and scholarship application.
Senior Info Night is Thursday, August 20 at 6 PM. We will meet in Room 305 of the Upper School. Come to hear about the Junior/Senior Gala, the Senior Thesis, the Senior Trip and College and Career opportunities and deadlines.
Seniors
- Seniors are required to meet with Mrs. Crotts briefly during the month of August to gauge a baseline of college and career aspirations.
- Sign up for the SAT and the ACT to improve your test scores. act.org satsuite.collegeboard.org
- Begin college and scholarship applications.
- Ask for recommendations from teachers, coaches, bosses, mentors, pastors, etc. Give recommenders a copy of your Activity Sheet to assist their recommendations with specific examples of why a college would benefit from having you as a student, or why a scholarship committee should award you.
- Take CLT, SAT, & ACT practice tests online.
Juniors
- Juniors are required meet with Mrs. Crotts briefly during the month of August to gauge a baseline of college and career aspirations.
- Juniors are required to take the ACT in order to receive the NC Opportunity Scholarship. Sign up now to reserve your test date hosted at area high schools. act.org
- Juniors will take the PSAT–a practice SAT–at a local high school in October during IST week. Juniors are encouraged to take the SAT in the spring and again in the fall of their senior year. satsuite.collegeboard.org
- Take CLT, SAT, & ACT practice tests online.
Sophomores & Freshman
- Update your Activity Sheet: did you work, volunteer, invent or work on a project, or travel to an unique or educational place?
- Take CLT, SAT, & ACT practice tests online.
- Visit colleges during school breaks.
- Find internship and shadowing opportunities to learn more about specific jobs.
Coach Johnston
nathanieljohnston@bradfordacademy.org
9th History
- It was a joy to begin teaching this group of students! We talked about summer activities and summer reading. After reviewing the syllabus, students began their first unit material on the Age of Explorers!
Ms. Oldham
coldham@bradfordacademy.org
9th Literature
- We set up our Commonplace Journals in anticipation of our first text, The Pilgrim’s Progress. The students also took their summer reading quiz.
Dr. Wright
nwright@bradfordacademy.org
9th Rhetoric
- We have discussed the importance and honor of speaking, and looked at what Scripture says about the power of human speech.. Aristotle’s definition of rhetoric was presented and discussed.
Mr. Crotts
bcrotts@bradfordacademy.org
9th Bible Survey
- Our class discussed the reasons we have sixty-six books in our Bibles, who are the human authors who wrote the Bible, and how God makes himself known in creation and scripture (Psalm 19).
Mrs. Frueh
jfrueh@bradfordacademy.org
9th Biology
- The students were excited to jump right into our curriculum this week as we started our study of biology. Our first module will focus on the classification of the abundant diversity of living things. The students are already hard at work studying the new vocabulary for this unit. All students are required to join Google Classroom within the next week. The code to join can be found on your student’s Biology syllabus.
9th Geometry
- We started this week with a discussion of Euclid’s Elements and the importance of this most prominent math textbook of the last 2000 years. We discussed the history of the book and read about Abraham Lincoln’s particular affection for the text. As part of our discussion of Euclid, we introduced the axiomatic method and the practice of writing 2-column proofs. All students are required to join Google Classroom within the next week. The code to join can be found on your student’s Geometry syllabus.
Mrs. Fairchild
afairchild@bradfordacademy.org
9th & 11th Art Foundations
- Our students began with a brief introduction and some light discussion on art. They were also introduced to the two awards available during class discussions. Be sure to ask your student about the Watson Award and the Coaster Award.
Dr. James
kjames@bradfordacademy.org
10th Chemistry
- This week the students received their syllabi and textbooks, we discussed methods of study, and we began our introduction to the study of matter.
- Next week we will continue with our study of matter, and the students will be introduced to some topics we will cover in more depth later in the year. The test on this material will be the following week.
Mrs. Palmer
cpalmer@bradfordacademy.org
10th Spanish
- We jumped right back into language learning this week. Students learned how our classroom will function and we began to touch on the four pillars of language learning: reading, writing, listening and speaking. I am excited to see how their language skills grow over the course of this year!
Mr. Zhang
czhang@bradfordacademy.org
10th Algebra II
- We refreshed fluency in order of operations, least common multiples of more than two numbers, writing functions, and combining like terms. We discussed concrete ways to practice the classroom learning habits from the syllabus.
Mrs. Crotts
mcrotts@bradfordacademy.org
10th Literature
- This week 10th graders heard an overview of the ancient literature works we will ponder. They also hand-wrote summaries of Death on the Nile–the summer reading assigned and written by Agatha Christie. We concluded with group discussions of her work. Students will read works from Ancient Greece and Rome such as Aesop’s Fables, Iliad, and Metamorphoses.
Miss Oldham
coldham@bradfordacademy.org
10th Rhetoric II
- Students took a review “quiz” to see what topics we need to revisit. They also were given their first speech assignments due on the 21st.
Coach Johnston
nathanieljohnston@bradfordacademy.org
10th History
- Students began their study of Ancient History by reading five ancient accounts of world/human origin stories. We enjoyed the opportunity to discuss at length on Friday the comparisons, contrasts and lessons that we can draw from those stories. This quarter we will focus on learning more about the history of Ancient Israel, while briefly discussing aspects of Ancient Egyptian, Assyrian and Babylonian history.
Mr. Strength
hstrength@bradfordacademy.org
10th Historical Theology
- Students learned the definitions of Historical, Systematic, Biblical, and Exegetical Theology. Students also began memorizing the Apostle’s Creed which they will be quizzed on the 27th.
Mr. Zhang
czhang@bradfordacademy.org
11th Precalculus
- We transferred between representations of functions, giving special attention to verbal representations, which are the keys to unlocking the tools of mathematics for real life.
11th Physics
- We contrasted velocity and displacement with their non-directional analogs, speed and distance, and practiced relating the four, converting units when necessary.
Miss Oldham
coldham@bradfordacademy.org
11th Literature
- Students began St. Augustine’s work The City of God and took their summer reading quiz.
Mr. Webster
wwebster@bradfordacademy.org
11th History
- This week we went over the syllabus and covered the goals and expectations for this class. I also gave the students a biblical foundation for why Christians ought to study history.
Dr. Wright
nwright@bradfordacademy.org
11th Apologetics
- We have defined the term “apologetics,” and have begun to consider the concept of “worldview” or weltanschauung, per James Sire’s The Universe Next Door.
Coach Johnston
nathanieljohnston@bradfordacademy.org
11th- 12th Advanced PE
- Students were introduced to the rhythms and routines that will be a key part of their PE class. We also discussed some of the unique opportunities that we could potentially do as a smaller, older group of students this year.
Coach Johnston
nathanieljohnston@bradfordacademy.org
12th History
- Students began a study of modern history by reviewing the syllabus and we began our first unit by considering core questions regarding the causes, timing and justifications of exploration and colonization.
Miss Oldham
coldham@bradfordacademy.org
12th Literature
- Students began Paradise Lost. They also received their first independent book assignment.
12th Rhetoric III
- Senior Thesis is in full swing! Mentors have been contacted. Research has begun. They are ready! The seniors also received a calendar of events, so please make sure to get that from them. Please be in prayer for our seniors as they begin this year.
Mr. Weber
sweber@bradfordacademy.org
12th Systematic Theology
- Students participated in a conversation concerning what Systematic Theology is (based on their reading of the textbook) and how it is differentiated from other disciplines of theology. I really enjoyed getting to know something about each student for the first time. This class may spoil me! Students will return Monday for more discussion from their assigned reading.
Mrs. Byrd
lbyrd@bradfordacademy.org
12th Calculus
- We’re kicking off the year with a study of limits – the foundation of differential and integral calculus. This week we introduced a limit definition and notation and sought to estimate a limit from a graph.
12th Physics
- Students were reminded about significant figures and how to round to correct significant figures after math operations. We also introduced our first major topic for the year – kinematics (the study of motion).