BB 09-13-24
BRADFORD BULLETIN
VOLUME XVII, ISSUE 11
SEPT 13, 2024
FROM THE OFFICE
FOR ALL:
- Permission slips: We are moving to an online format for permission slips. This week, I sent permission slips for the following trips. *Please note, if there is a fee for students to attend a field trip, there will be for chaperones as well.*
- 9/23: ACC College Fair (11th – 12th)
- 9/25: Soccer Tournament (1st – 4th) – Please complete form by 9/18
- 9/27: Please complete forms by 9/18
- 1st and 5th – Alamance Battleground
- 3rd – Greensboro Science
- School Pictures: Get haircuts and iron uniforms! School pictures are next week.
LOWER SCHOOL- IMPORTANT NOTES:
- SPECIAL Uniform Note: Wed, 9/18/24 – 1st – 4th grades (soccer scrimmage in PE class) Wear house shirt or polo in house colors with normal uniform shorts to school.
- Austerfield: black
- Leiden: red
- Plymouth: white
- Scrooby: gray
- Uniforms for school pictures: Students must wear their dress uniform on Thursday, 9/19 for school pictures. (And yes, they will wear them again on Friday.)
HOT LUNCH on Thursdays:
- The weekly menu locks at midnight on Sunday night – so be sure to place your orders and check out in time. Once your account is set up, it should be easy for the rest of the year! ORDER HERE
FROM MRS. MITCHELL:
- Our safety drills at Lower School this week included a fire drill, tornado drill, classroom lockdown drill as well as playground drills. Though we regret that our annually scheduled week often coincides with a school tragedy, we approach it very matter-of-factly with young students. The focus is not on the danger, but rather on first-time, thorough obedience, which will benefit everyone should we ever encounter an emergency. With a little practice and specific, guided instruction, the students responded very well!
- RED ENVELOPES: Pick up some cash if you wish to participate in the red envelope collection of funds for teachers. Check folders and planners for the red envelope and note. Room moms will use funds to be the class’s personal shopper for Christmas and Teacher Appreciation Day. The “deadline” is 09/20, though you can always send in funds afterwards if more time is needed. We love to encourage our staff.
UPCOMING
NEXT WEEK:
- Tues, 9/17: Varsity Girls Volleyball at HOME, 3:30
- Wed, 9/18: Varsity Girls Tennis, AWAY at Cape Fear Christian
- Thurs , 9/19:
- Lower school: SCHOOL PICTURES – Wear dress uniform!
- 3:30 HOME Vball and Soccer games
- Fri, 9/20:
- Upper school: SCHOOL PICTURES
- HOME XC Meet: Beginning at 4pm
IN THE NEAR FUTURE:
- Mon, 9/23: College Fair at ACC (11th – 12th grades) *Please complete online permission slip.
- Week of 9/23: Upper school: Q1 finals
- Wed, 9/25: House Soccer Tournament (1st – 4th grades) *Please complete online permission slip.
- Fri, 9/27:
- Field trips: 1st, 3rd and 5th grades – *Please complete online permission slips.
- END of 1st QUARTER
- Report cards released on EDUCATE
- Mon, 9/30 – Fri, 10/4: FALL BREAK
QUARTER 2 EVENTS:
- Week of 10/7: Upper school: IST (Intensive Short Term) for 9th – 12th grades
- 9th: Technology
- 10th / 11th: Civics
- 12th: Senior Thesis
- Week of 10/7: Upper school: NCISAA Conference Play offs
- Wed, 10/9: Upper School: Juniors take PSAT
- Thurs, 10/10: All Parents Welcome – Coffee and Discussion with Mr. Johnston
- Week of 10/14 and 10/21: Upper School: NCISAA State Playoffs
- Tues, 10/15: Lower School: 4th Field trip – Botanical Gardens
- Wed, 10/16: Teacher Workday
- Fri, 10/25:
- Upper school: XC Championship (high school)
- Lower school: K – 4th – Greek Olympics
- Fri, 11/1: Upper school: Hobbit Day (5th grade – details to come)
- Thurs, 11/7:
- All parents: Used Uniform Sale
- All Parents: Coffee and Discussion with Mr. Johnston
- Upper school: Parents Day (Parents and grandparents mark your calendar!)
- Fri, 11/8:
- Upper school: Parents Day (Parents and grandparents mark your calendar!)
- Upper school: 10th grade – Jr/Sr Preview – Lunch discussion (Parents welcome!)
- Mon, 11/11: All: Veterans Day – No school
- Thurs, 11/14: Lower school: K – 2nd grade – Bradford Night
- Tues, 11/26: Thanksgiving Feasts
- Wed, 11/27 – Fri, 11/29: Thanksgiving Break
- Sun, 12/1: Applications open for 25/26
- Thurs, 12/5: All parents: Coffee and Discussion with Mr. Johnston
- Fri, 12/6: Upper School: 6th grade Field Trip to Appomattox Court House
- Week of 12/16: Upper School: Q2 Finals
- Wed, 12/18: Lower school: TK Parents Coffee and Donuts, TK Nativity Play
- Thurs, 12/19: Upper school: Christmas Concert
- Fri, 12/20: Christmas celebrations, Noon dismissal
FROM THE TEACHER’S DESK
GRAMMAR SCHOOL
Transitional Kindergarten (Mrs. Grubb and Mrs. Weber)
This Week
- It was apple pie week in TK and our first time in the kitchen this year. Students enjoyed learning about the ingredients in our recipe, preparing apples for the apple pie filling, cutting out shapes for individual apple pies, and the apple pie feast! Thank you for providing supplies and your time this week to make apple pie week a success. Students continued working on pre-writing in green books and continued practicing proper crayon grip. A few of our centers this week included: building and drawing Mat Man, finding letters in alphabet pasta, identifying rhyming words, learning the parts of a book, using magnet boards to practice writing, and using Play Doh to make letters and numbers. We read about the story of Adam & Eve in the Bible this week. We had a discussion about sin and how it was brought into the world. Students continued working on memorizing Psalm 19:1. Next week we will learn about the story of Noah.
Lower School P.E. (Mrs. Bennington)
K – 4th
- First through fourth grade students did a great job this week working on soccer skills and drills. Students also successfully participated in several soccer games during class. Students are looking forward to the Soccer Tournament on Wednesday 9/25. Kindergarten students did a great job practicing safety drills outside and playing several tag games, like “Mr. Wolf”.
Lower School Music (Mrs. Bennington)
K-3rd
- Students made huge improvements this week on matching pitches. Students worked on several vocal warm-ups to reinforce pitch recognition. Students applied their knowledge to the first verse of “A Mighty Fortress is Our God” and “Gloria Patri”.
4th
- Students did a great job singing through “A Mighty Fortress is Our God”. Students also worked on learning the melody for “Gloria Patri”. Fourth grade students spent the majority of their class learning how to read music and how to play their first note on the recorder.
Kindergarten (Mrs. Rivera and Miss Burdeshaw)
This Week
- Our kindergarten scholars have learned so much in these past few weeks! This week we practiced our safety drills, and we were thankful that the students were quiet and quick to listen and obey instructions. In math, we learned how to match a number to a set, how to collect and sort data, how to construct a bar-type graph, how to identify first, last, between, and middle, and how to identify first, second, and third. We also had our first ever math test, and we discussed the importance of integrity and how to take a test. In phonics, we introduced the phonogram sounds h, k, and l, and we continued to work on forming our clock face letters in cursive. In art, we learned how to draw a cat and a mouse by using the “basic line elements in drawing,” which the students thoroughly enjoyed. In science, we started our new unit on the five senses, and we discussed the sense of smell. The students also had the opportunity to wear lab coats and goggles in a special smelling experiment!
Memory Work:
- Proverbs 10:19 and review
1st Grade (Mrs. Cantaffa & Mrs. Smith)
This Week
- This week was safety week and the kids loved the drills. That may seem odd, but they were truly asking to do the lockdown and fire drill again. They all did an excellent job of following directions, verbal and non verbal, and staying quiet. In math the students were identifying & acting out “Some, Some Went Away” stories, identifying time one hour ago and one hour from now, numbering a clock face, and identifying even and odd numbers. In grammar the kids are learning about common nouns and proper nouns relating to places. They loved looking at a map of North Carolina and seeing the cities they have heard about many times; places they vacation, where parents work, or where grandparents live. In reading, the students are reading about Alfred the King who defeated the Vikings in the 800s. In history we are still learning about another viking, but this one is a good guy, Leif The Lucky. He lived about 200 years after his forefathers who lost to Alfred. He brought Christianity to Greenland. In art the kids made a crown (like Alfred may have had). The students studied about the planets and 4 layers of the earth in Science.
Memory Work:
- 2 Peter 1:20-21
2nd Grade (Mrs. Hedgecock & Mrs. Eng)
This Week
- The students are off to a wonderful start in second grade and continue to be eager to learn and participate in class. As we reviewed safety drills this week, it was a good reminder that God is in control and He watches over us as we seek Him. This relates well with the song we have been learning “A Mighty Fortress is our God.” The students enjoyed the adventures of eight-year-old Jonathan as he traveled alone over the mountain in our new book The Bears on Hemlock Mountain by Alice Dalgliesh. The illustrations by Helen Sewell gave the students good inspiration as they illustrated their own version of “There are no bears on Hemlock Mountain”. In science we continue to study our fearfully and wonderfully made body as we learned about the sense of taste and smell. The students enjoyed the lab and were able to identify many of the smells and share memories associated with certain smells. Please continue to help your child as they prepare to share with the class one of their favorite childhood books. The presentations will begin next week. This is a great opportunity for the students to learn to speak in front of a group and also share a bit of themselves with the class.
Memory Work:
- Proverbs 26:17
3rd Grade (Mrs. Clark and Mrs. Meredith)
This Week
- In math, we learned about three digit subtraction. We also reviewed estimation and rounding to the nearest ten and hundred. In history, we discussed the division of Israel into two kingdoms: Judah and Israel. Solomon turned away from God and built altars to honor pagan gods for his wives. God promised Solomon that he would not tear the kingdom away from him during his lifetime for the sake of his father, David, but rather from the hands of his son, Rehoboam. In science, students began adding their research to their posters. Each group is excited to share what they have learned about their biome’s habitat, location, food chain, and climate.
Memory Work:
- 1 Peter 3:8-9
Mrs. Fairchild
3rd Grade Art
- We have started implementing the 5 basics elements of shape into a project. The students are beginning to draw some birds and are learning to look at an object, identify the elements of shape and attempt to create a similar object.
4th Grade (Mrs. McDorman and Mrs. Rankin)
This Week
- The word “Monk” comes from the Greek word meaning solitary. As we reached the end of the 3rd century and the decline of the great Roman Empire, students discovered how monasteries became the centers for learning, where monks preserved much of the literature of the ancient world. Many of the medieval texts we have today were copied in scriptoriums by monks. Using his experience from previous monasteries, a monk named St. Benedict wrote a document called the Rule of St. Benedict which became the handbook for how monasteries should be governed. Eight hours of work, eight hours of prayer, and eight hours of sleep divided up their time. On Thursday, we spent our time in the Bradford Scriptorium where students practiced illuminating letters and copying manuscripts by candle light. In math, we continued our use of estimating when subtracting numbers. Students are regrouping and deepening their understanding of the importance of place value. We wrote our first three point expository paragraphs, and finished the week adding observations to our Botany journals. Students are beginning to understand the importance of paying attention to the details of life. Doing all things with excellence. Arete!
Memory Work:
- I Corinthians 13:8-10
Mrs. Fairchild
4th Grade Art
- We have started implementing the 5 basics elements of shape into a project. The students are beginning to draw some birds and are learning to look at an object, identify the elements of shape and attempt to create a similar object.
LOGIC SCHOOL
Mrs. Bennington
5th Band
- Fifth grade students did a great job on their first band test this week. Students were able to demonstrate that they could correctly play their first two notes, apply beat with rhythm, keep a steady beat, articulate, breathe through their mouth, and play with correct posture and hand/finger position. Students have now learned their first three notes! Please encourage your child to practice at home what he or she has learned in class as well as anything new that he or she would like to start working on. Students will have a quick test this Tuesday, 9/17 on their first three notes.
6th-8th Band
- Students did a great job this week watching the conductor and applying rhythm reading to a set beat. Students also did a great job applying key signatures to their music. Percussionists continued to do well this week on snare drum and reading/playing various new rhythms.
9th – 10th Band
- Students did a great job this week playing several technique exercises in Concert F. Students will have a test this Thursday 9/19 on Concert F Major and Minor Scales. Students also did a great job applying dynamics and phrasing to several chorales and book exercises.
Mrs. Johnston
5th – 8th Chorus
- 5th Chorus – We continued to practice sight reading music this week. Our hymn is Abide With Me, and we also discussed the meaning of the word “abide” and how it means more than just “stay with”. We will have rhythm and singing tests next week to check comprehension.
- 6th-8th Chorus – Students continued to work on Abide With Me. We focused on note and rhythm accuracy, and also placed emphasis on listening to one another. Next week we will have singing tests to check comprehension.
PE
5th-6th (Girls)
- The girls made improvements in running the mile this week. They also showed excellent teamwork and skill development in several “Flag Tag” games.
7th – 8th (Girls)
- The girls did a lot of running and strength training this week.
5th – 8th (Boys)
- The boys continued to practice soccer skills on Monday and spent Wednesday working on core strength and fitness training.
5th Grade (Mrs. LaTour and Mrs. Kromhout)
This Week
- This week in 5th grade, we have been learning more about our multiplication properties and strategies in Math and have been learning about the explorers of the Northeast in History! The students did writing projects on many of these explorers last week and we have been able to take a deeper dive into our learning about them this week. We took a trip to the library on Thursday to find books about our wax museum figures! The students are excited to get started learning about their assigned historical figures. The students are becoming more confident in their writing skills and it has been wonderful to see such improvement already this year. We are nearing our tenth chapter of the Hobbit and are enjoying each day we get to read more of it together!
Memory Work:
- Romans 12:9-10
Upcoming:
- Math Chapter 3 Test: 9/20
- Alamance Battleground Field Trip: 9/27
Mrs. Palmer
5th Art
- We have been hard at work and finishing up our charcoal chess piece drawings. Students have worked on blending, grayscale and honing detail. These will soon be displayed at upper campus.
6th Grade (Miss Stevenson)
6th Reading and Literature
- We started reading Call of the Wild by Jack London this week.
6th Grammar and Writing
- This week we jumped into the first essay in The Lost Tools of Writing. We will complete a rudimentary persuasive essay in class next week.
6th Bible
- We are continuing to work our way through Matthew.
6th History
- This week’s card was about the Cherokee Trail of Tears.
6th Science
- We spent our Science time this week going over any final questions regarding the Scientific Method Project. The project report is due for all students on Tuesday, September 17. Presentations will be split up with half of the students presenting their posters on September 17 and the other half presenting on Friday, September 20. The final test for this quarter will be given Tuesday, September 24.
6th Logic
- For Logic we have been looking for logical fallacies in the recent presidential debate. We have only learned four fallacies so far, but it has been fun to be able to use that knowledge in a real-life situation. Ask your student about what red herrings and ad hominems they noticed from the two candidates on Tuesday.
6th Latin
- We spent our Latin time this week watching the debate for Logic class.
Mrs. Crotts
6th Math
- Students learned about division—review as well as new concepts—as they began chapter 3.
Mrs. Palmer
6th Art
- Students are wrapping up their charcoal Michelangelo-inspired drawings. This was a challenging project and students are doing well with it. Soon these will be displayed at upper campus.
Dr. Wright
7th Composition
- In class this week, students wrote a five paragraph essay on the goodness of law in a society. This engaged the students’ understanding of this quarter’s reading in Gilgamesh, Hammurabi, and Genesis.
7th Omnibus – Literature, History, Bible
- As a response to the moral structures implied by Gilgamesh and Hammurabi, we have deeply examined Scripture’s portrayal of the creation, its inherent order, and the role of law therein. Students have chosen their declamation speeches, begun memorization, and practiced speaking in class. Our odyssey through Homer’s Odyssey has begun, with regular readings and quizzes forecast till mid-November, and a brief dramatic presentation to be performed at Parents’ Day. Ithaka awaits.
7th Logic
- We continue to use workbooks and class discussions – no homework here.
Mrs. Frueh
7th Science
- Our final topic in our soil unit was on soil chemistry. The students learned about the unique roles played by Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in the health and growth of plants, as well as about the important role that bacteria plays in cycling these elements through the environment.
- Our quarterly science exam will take place on Wednesday, September 18th.
7th Pre-Algebra
- This week’s lessons included multiplying and dividing fractions, using prime factorization to find the Least Common Multiple of a set of numbers, and finding the average of a data set. Ask your student if they can describe three different ways to find a common multiple of a set of numbers and if they can explain the advantages of the prime factorization method over other methods.
Mrs. Palmer
7th Art
- Students have been working on their original comic strips. I am very proud of their use of line, simple color and following instructions on this project.
Miss Johnston
7th Latin
- The students continued to work hard on their exercises and practiced the future and imperfect tense endings. They had their chapter 3 test on Wednesday.
Dr. Wright
8th Omnibus
- History: We have moved onward to the time of Theodoric and Clovis. Regular quizzes on reading and class discussions will continue through the end of the quarter, with a cumulative test on 9/25.
- Literature: We continue through Athanasius, with regular quizzes. Students have chosen their declamation speeches, memorization has begun, and we have practiced speaking in class.
- Composition: Students have chosen their biographical figure on which they will write a research paper. First drafts of a portion of that paper are due Wed. 9/18. Ask your student!
Miss Johnston
8th Latin
- They had their chapter nine test today, so the beginning of the week was spent reviewing and practicing translations. They did well and worked hard! I am confident that they did well on their tests.
Mrs. Frueh
8th Science
- This week, we practiced using dimensional analysis to convert between the metric system and the U.S. Customary System. We also discussed the difference between the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin temperature scales. We learned 3 different strategies that can be used to convert between the different scales.
8th Algebra I
- This week was all about solving algebraic equations. We used the additive, subtractive, multiplicative, and division properties of equality in order to solve for an unknown. We even learned how to deal with equations written with fractions, mixed numbers, and decimals. Ask your student what strategies they have learned to isolate a variable in a multi-step equation.
- If your student is struggling with this process, they are encouraged to seek help! The tutoring lab is open Monday through Thursday and is an excellent resource for students struggling in Algebra.
Mrs. Palmer
8th Art
- Students continued to work on a monochromatic Michelangelo-inspired drawing in colored pencil. We have been working on using our medium well and honing detail.
Mr. Crotts
8th Logic
- We are learning the types and benefits of definitions for terms.
RHETORIC SCHOOL
From the COLLEGE COUNSELING Office:
9th-12th:
- For any students interested in NC State (9th-12th!): NC State hosts an open house each year offering the opportunity to meet with specific academic departments and over 100 sessions about various topics! This event requires pre-registration and fills up – register asap if you are interested!
- This would be excellent for 9th-10th graders interested in starting to see what college is like and get an idea of what colleges are out there
- The open house is also excellent for 11th-12th graders wanting to get a closer look at NC State – this is a rare opportunity to get to meet with academic departments
- NC State Open House: Saturday, October 19th, 9am-2pm REGISTER HERE
Juniors:
- On Monday, September 23 from 11:30am-12:15pm, juniors will attend a College Fair at Alamance Community College. There will be 75 regional colleges in attendance that students can talk to.
- The PSAT is coming up on Wednesday, October 9 at Burlington Christian Academy! This is a qualifier for the National Merit Scholarship program as well as a practice SAT. You can read more about taking the test, practicing for the test, and scholarship opportunities here: https://satsuite.collegeboard.org/psat-nmsqt
- The PSAT is a fully digital test for the second time this year
- The students took a practice test here at Bradford last Thursday afternoon to better understand the test and know how to prepare for the real test!
- They can use their scores and score analysis to help them prepare for the real test
- Save the date! Junior College Night will be held on Tuesday, October 29 from 5-6pm for all juniors and parents! I would love to have at least one parent in attendance for each student. We will review the junior and senior year timeline for college research, visits, and the application process!
Seniors:
Upcoming for seniors:
Monday, September 23, 11:30am-12:15pm: Seniors are welcome but not required to attend the College Fair at Alamance Community College.
Individual meetings: I have begun meeting with seniors individually to help them with college applications; we will meet at least once a month over the next few months, and more often as needed. Parents, if you have questions or would like to meet, also feel free to reach out!
Mrs. Palmer
9th Spanish
- This week we have been reviewing all of our new concepts (the verb “ser,” vocabulary, telling time, numbers, singular/plural nouns) in preparation for our first test next week. It is exciting for me to watch their Spanish knowledge growing already!
Mrs. Frueh
9th Geometry
- We continued learning about the different roles of inductive and deductive reasoning in geometry. We practiced using our reasoning skills to write both algebraic and geometric proofs. We ended the week with our second unit test.
Mr. Crotts
9th Logic
- We are finishing a review of fallacies and had a fun post-debate discussion of the many and varied fallacies committed during Tuesday’s Presidential Debate.
Dr. and Mrs. James
9th Biology
- This week we are finishing our introduction to vertebrates, including fishes and amphibians.
- Next week the students will take their third test of Q1, and we will continue the discussion of vertebrates. We will also wrap up the Catch a Herptile project.
Mrs. Crotts
9th Literature
- Students turned in rough drafts to an essay from our reading of John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress. They began reading Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities. Also, they took a quiz on literary terms. These terms should aid their writing skills when included in essays and other papers.
Dr. Byrd
9th Bible
- This week we finished up the test on Genesis and Exodus. Presently, we are studying the books of Leviticus and Numbers. We have learned about the tabernacle and the priesthood and how they point to Christ.
- Verse Memory: Numbers 6:24-26
Dr. James
10th Chemistry
- This week the students learned about atomic structure and electron configuration.
- Next week the students will take their third test of Q1, and we will review for the final exam.
Mrs. Palmer
10th Spanish
- This week we have spent reviewing tricky “P” verbs that have stem changes. We also have been focused on irregular verbs in the preterite. Students will have a “P” verb quiz next week.
Mrs. Byrd
10th Algebra II
- We concluded our unit on linear functions and are now considering absolute value and piecewise functions.
Mrs. Crotts
10th Literature
- Students concluded the rough draft of their first essay about Wisdom Literature. The students prepared for a quiz on Ancient Greek and Roman gods, also.
Miss Oldham
10th Rhetoric I
- Students have been working through famous speeches to parse out ethos, pathos, and logos. They have their second invented speech due next Friday, September 20th.
Dr. Smith
10th Historical Theology
- We began reading and discussing chapter four in the Introduction to the History of Christian Theology. This chapter addresses some of the ways in which the ancient Greco-Roman culture influenced the development of the church’s understanding of what the Old and New Testaments affirm as true.
Mrs. Palmer
11th Spanish III
- We are finishing up past review concepts. We have also been working on our conversation skills and vocabulary expansion. Students have a vocabulary quiz next week.
Mrs. Byrd
11th Precalculus
- Topics for this week included characteristics of inverse functions as well as constructing inverse functions, characteristics of quadratic functions, transforming equation types, writing quadratic equations, and finding maximums and minimums.
11th Physics
- We wrapped up our unit on one dimensional vertical motion and started an introduction to two dimensional motion. This will involve considering motion in each dimension separately. We’re beginning with some basics of vector math.
Miss Oldham
11th Literature
- We have continued to walk through Dante’s afterlife in his Inferno. There is a final test for this text scheduled on September 20th.
Dr. Smith
11th NT Greek
- We completed chapter 8 this week and took a test on Chapters 1-8. The test covered 67 vocabulary words, the definite article in the singular and plural in all four noun cases, 6 of the 8 noun rules, the sounds that particular combinations of Greek letters make (dipthongs) and the noun endings in the singular and plural for all four types of nouns (nominative, genitive, dative and accusative).
Mr. Webster
11th-12th Systematic Theology
- This week we finished the doctrine of the word of God, and we will be starting on the doctrine of God next week.
11th History
- This week the students had a debate on church and state. We also talked about the Germanic kingdoms who took over the Western half of the Roman Empire.
Mrs. Fairchild
12th Art Portfolio
- The students are finishing up their first panel and are getting ready to begin their second panel. They are looking forward to being able to attach them together to see the final result.
Miss Oldham
12th Literature
- Students began to read Stephen Crane’s The Red Badge of Courage.
12th Rhetoric II
- Please continue to pray for our seniors as the days are fleeting. They have been asked to have all their research completed by IST week (the week we return from Fall Break) and it is just now hitting them how large of a task this is. I know the Lord is walking beside them in this, so please pray that the seniors are reminded that we serve a good and gracious God who is sovereign over everything that they do.
Mrs. Byrd
12th Calculus
- We’ve completed our first unit on limits and are now considering a basic definition of a derivative. This involves some new notation that will transition us from average rate of change calculations to instantaneous ones.